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Abstract
Trademark protection is a crucial element within the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) system, aimed at ensuring legal certainty while safeguarding the existence and reputation of a product or service. In Indonesia, trademark protection follows the first to file principle, whereby rights are granted to the party who first registers the trademark officially, regardless of prior usage. However, this system often gives rise to legal disputes, particularly when registration is carried out by unauthorized parties or with bad faith. This research specifically examines the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Decision Number 1291 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2023 in a dispute between Nitron Japan Co., Ltd., the original owner of the international trademark "NITRON" since 2008, and Harun Salim, who registered the same mark in Indonesia without permission or legal basis. Using normative legal research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study aims to analyze how the principle of priorin tempora potior in jure is applied in trademark disputes involving bad-faith registrations. The findings show that although Harun Salim formally registered the trademark first in Indonesia, the Supreme Court acknowledged the presence of bad faith, making the registration subject to cancellation. Therefore, the principle of priority in time should not be interpreted solely from a formal perspective but also substantively, to protect rightful trademark owners who have built goodwill and reputation. This decision sets an important precedent for strengthening legal protection of registered trademarks amidst opportunistic registration practices.
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References
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- Arianto, Dandi, Retno Susilowati, Lily Kalyana, and Jurnal Mahasiswa. “Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Penyelesaian Sengketa Merek Antara Solaria Dan Solaris Serta Akibat Hukumnya Terhadap Hak Ekslusif Yang Dimiliki Solaria.” Lex Veritatis 2, no. 3 (2023): 24–33.
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- Defruzar. “IMPLIKASI HUKUM BAGI MEREK TERDAFTAR YANG TIDAK DIGUNAKAN SELAMA 3 (TIGA) TAHUN BERTURUT-TURUT DALAM PERDAGANGAN BARANG DAN/ATAU JASA (Analisis Putusan : Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Pusat Nomor 12/Pdt.Sus- Merek/2019/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst Jo Mahkamah Agung Pada T.” Jurnal Lex Specialis 4 (2023): 2–7.
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- Pamungkas, Yonathan Aji, Ranti Fauza Mayana, and Aam Suryamah. “Studi Kasus Terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 457 K / Pdt . Sus- HKI / 2022 Tentang Kedudukan Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual Dalam Sengketa Pembatalan Merek” 1, no. December (2023): 396–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424349.
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- Wibowo, Sigit. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemegang Merek Dagang Terdaftar Dengan Penerapan Prinsip First To File Terhadap Pihak Lain (Studi Kasus Putusan Ma Nomor 161K/Pdt.Sus-Hki/2023).” Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia 3, no. 2 (2023): 127. https://doi.org/10.30588/jhcj.v3i2.1675.
- Wijaya, Satya Lejar. “Pembuktian Asas Itikad Baik Dan Itikad Tidak Baik Dalam Merek Terkenal ‘Superman’ Antara Dc Comics Pt Marxing Fam Makmur (Studi Kasus Putusan 29/Pdt.Sus/Merek/2019/Pn Niaga Jkt.Pst).” Diponegoro Law Journal 1, no. 2 (2022): 5.
- YAHIA, YAHIA ESSAM. “Analisis Yuridis Persamaan Penggunaan Merek Terkait Produk ‘Erigo Dengan Erg’(Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Nomor 80/Pdt. Sus-Hki/Merek/2021/Pn Niaga Jkt. Pst Juncto Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1349 K/Pdt. Sus-Hki/2022.” Universitas Nasional, 2024.
References
Adjie, Jeannet Kunta, and Christine Kansil. “Legal Protection for Owners of Well-Known Trademarks Viewed from the Principle of Well-Known Marks.” Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 5, no. 1 (2024): 314–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i1.896.
Alberts, W. “Trade Mark Law: Can an Unregistered Mark Be Protected Prior to the Acquisition of a Reputation?” De Jure Law Journal 48, no. 2 (2015): 430–38.
Arianto, Dandi, Retno Susilowati, Lily Kalyana, and Jurnal Mahasiswa. “Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Penyelesaian Sengketa Merek Antara Solaria Dan Solaris Serta Akibat Hukumnya Terhadap Hak Ekslusif Yang Dimiliki Solaria.” Lex Veritatis 2, no. 3 (2023): 24–33.
Asikin, Amiruddin & Zainal. Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum. Ke-10. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2018.
Bantekas, Ilias. “The Authority of States to Use Names in International Law and the Macedonian Affair: Unilateral Entitlements, Historic Title, and Trademark Analogies.” Leiden Journal of International Law 22, no. 3 (2009): 563–82.
Defruzar. “IMPLIKASI HUKUM BAGI MEREK TERDAFTAR YANG TIDAK DIGUNAKAN SELAMA 3 (TIGA) TAHUN BERTURUT-TURUT DALAM PERDAGANGAN BARANG DAN/ATAU JASA (Analisis Putusan : Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Pusat Nomor 12/Pdt.Sus- Merek/2019/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst Jo Mahkamah Agung Pada T.” Jurnal Lex Specialis 4 (2023): 2–7.
Emanuel Tri Putra Waruwu, Martina Halawa, Jaminuddin Marbun. “PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KEPADA PENDAFTAR MEREK PERTAMA BERDASARKAN ‘ASAS PRIORIN TEMPORA NELIOR IN JURE.’” Jurnal Retentum 6 (2024): 81–92. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/retentum.v6il.4250.
Ibrahim, Johnny. “Teori Dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif.” Malang: Bayumedia Publishing 57, no. 11 (2006).
Marzuki, Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum: Edisi Revisi. Prenada Media, 2017.
Narwadan, Theresia N A. “Well-Known Trademark Protection in Indonesia: The Essence of Good Faith and Legal Practices.” Sch Int J Law Crime Justice 4, no. 7 (2021): 451–57. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2021.v04i07.003.
Palendeng, Sonny Engelbert, Merry E. Kalalo, and Deasy Soeikromo. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Merek Dagang Dikaitkan Dengan Kepastian Hukum Hak Kekayaan Intelektual.” Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum XVI, no. 2 (2021): 274–86.
Pamungkas, Yonathan Aji, Ranti Fauza Mayana, and Aam Suryamah. “Studi Kasus Terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 457 K / Pdt . Sus- HKI / 2022 Tentang Kedudukan Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual Dalam Sengketa Pembatalan Merek” 1, no. December (2023): 396–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424349.
Prasomya, Diannita Anjar, and Budi Santoso. “Tinjauan Yuridis Pembatalan Merek Dagang Terkait Prinsip Itikad Baik Dalam Sistem Pendaftaran Merek.” Notarius 15, no. 2 (2022): 660–75. https://doi.org/10.14710/nts.v15i2.27522.
Risasta, Calvin. “Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Penghapusan Pendaftaran Merek Dagang Yang Memiliki Kesamaan Pada Pokoknya (Studi Putusan No. 2/Pdt. Sus-Hki/Merek/2020/Pn. Niaga. Mdn),” 2024.
Salsabilla Cahyadini Indira Putri. “Prinsip First To File Dalam Pendaftaran Merek Dagang Di Indonesia1.” Lex Privatum 11, no. 4 (2023): 1–8.
Soekanto, Soerjono. “Soerjono Soekanto Dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2010, Hal. 14.” Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2010.
Tjendra, Virginia, Gunardi Lie, and Moody Rizqy Syailendra Putra. “Analisis Yuridis Sengketa Merek Antara PT Pepper Tree Investama Dengan Gie Cristaline (Studi Putusan Nomor 47/PK//Pdt. Sus-HKI/2020).” Journal of Law, Education and Business 2, no. 2 (2024): 1167–75.
Wibowo, Sigit. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemegang Merek Dagang Terdaftar Dengan Penerapan Prinsip First To File Terhadap Pihak Lain (Studi Kasus Putusan Ma Nomor 161K/Pdt.Sus-Hki/2023).” Jurnal Hukum Caraka Justitia 3, no. 2 (2023): 127. https://doi.org/10.30588/jhcj.v3i2.1675.
Wijaya, Satya Lejar. “Pembuktian Asas Itikad Baik Dan Itikad Tidak Baik Dalam Merek Terkenal ‘Superman’ Antara Dc Comics Pt Marxing Fam Makmur (Studi Kasus Putusan 29/Pdt.Sus/Merek/2019/Pn Niaga Jkt.Pst).” Diponegoro Law Journal 1, no. 2 (2022): 5.
YAHIA, YAHIA ESSAM. “Analisis Yuridis Persamaan Penggunaan Merek Terkait Produk ‘Erigo Dengan Erg’(Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Nomor 80/Pdt. Sus-Hki/Merek/2021/Pn Niaga Jkt. Pst Juncto Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1349 K/Pdt. Sus-Hki/2022.” Universitas Nasional, 2024.