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Abstract
The development of engineering materials has encouraged the use of Cu–Fe–Si metal-based composites as brake lining materials due to their favorable mechanical properties and good wear resistance. This study aims to investigate the effect of low silicon (Si) content and sintering temperature variations on the hardness and wear behavior of Cu–Fe–Si green bodies. The compaction process was carried out at a constant pressure of 150 MPa, followed by sintering at temperatures of 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, and 850°C. The results show that increasing the sintering temperature leads to an improvement in material hardness, with the maximum hardness value of 49.3 VHN obtained at 850°C. In addition, the wear rate decreases with increasing sintering temperature, reaching the lowest value of 0.000180 mm³/kg·m at 850°C. Based on the relationship between hardness and wear behavior, a sintering temperature of 800°C is considered the optimal condition, as it provides the best balance between hardness enhancement and wear rate reduction. These findings indicate that the use of low Si content contributes positively to improving the performance of brake lining materials based on Metal Matrix Composites (MMC).
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References
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References
Fathurrohman, N. K., Rusnaldy, R., Paryanto, P., dan Toriq, S. H. A. (2026). Proses Pembuatan Brake Pad Berbasis Tembaga Dengan Metodologi Metalurgi Serbuk. ROTASI. 281. pp. 41-48.
F. T. H. Sinaga, E. P. D. Boangmanalu, A. B. Pratama, J. F. H. Saragi, Al Qadry, dan Sahat. (2024). Hardness Test Analysis on ST 37 Steel Plate Material and Aluminum Using the Brinell Test Method,” Formosa J. Sci. Technol. 212. pp. 3297–3308.
I. Suroso dan Ahmad. (2024). Pengaruh Tekanan 150 MPa dan Suhu Sintering 495oC Terhadap Karakteristik Greenbody Metal Matrix Composite Fe-Cr-Mn-Al-Si-Cu. J. STTKD, 101. pp. 273–282.
J. D. Polanco, C. Jacanamejoy-Jamioy, C. L. Mambuscay, J. F. Piamba, M. G. Forero, “Automatic method for vickers hardness estimation by image processing,” Journal of Imaging, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-11.
M. Kuncara dan C. N. Nasuha. (2025). Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) dalam Pembentukan Logam. J. ATSAR UNISA. 401. pp. 1–9. doi: 10.36910/automash.v1i24.1739.
M. N. A. Habiby, Rusiyanto, R. D. Widodo, dan W. Sumbodo. (2022). Effect of Green Body Heating Rate on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Crucible Materials Made from Evaporation Boats Waste. R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) J. 71. pp. 19–26.
M. A. R. Septiyanto, I. Suroso, dan N. Utami. (2025). Analisis kekerasan dan keausan bearing pada pesawat Cessna Grand Carravan 208B. Turbo J. Progr. Stud. Tek. Mesin. 111. pp. 117–124.
R. Rusnaldy, N. K. Fathurrohman, S. H. At-Toriq, P. Paryanto. (2026). Wear and Thermal Analysis of Cu-MMC Brake Pad Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy for Railway Braking Applications. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 102. pp.1-18.
S.D. Gaikwad, V.V Dabhade, S.N Murty, and S. Manwatkar. (2024). Mechanical alloying and direct powder forging of Ni–20Cr–20Fe-0.08 C alloy. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 315. pp. 1-15.
Samiyan, A. A., Nikzad, L., Majidian, H., Farvizi, M., & Nezafati, N. (2026). Effect of sintering temperature on phase formation, hardness, and wear behavior of TiMoVWCr refractory high-entropy alloy. Intermetallics. 191. pp. 109209.
Sugiyarto, Somawardi, Sukanto, Yuliyanto, dan M. Asep. (2023). Efek Tekanan Kompaksi dan Suhu Sintering terhadap Densitas dan Kekerasan AMC diperkuat Silika Tailing. Turbo J. Progr. Stud. Tek. Mesin. 122. doi: 10.24127/trb.v12i2.2858.
Yavuzer, B., Bicakci, Ü., Simsek, D., & Ozyurek, D. (2024). Effect of alloying time and heat treatment on microstructure and tribological properties of mechanical alloyed Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 3320. pp. 11176-11187.
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., & Wang, M. (2024). Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical and tribological properties of copper matrix composite for brake pads. Metals, 149. pp. 1048-1056.