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Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to develop two scales for measuring administrative creativity and decision-making among coaches of Iraqi Elite Handball League clubs, identify their levels, and examine the role of administrative creativity in supporting coaches’ decision-making.
Materials and Methods: This study used a descriptive survey design with a correlational approach. The population consisted of 196 players from Iraqi Elite Handball League clubs during the 2024–2025 season. The sample was divided into an exploratory sample of 14 players, a scale-construction sample of 112 players, and an application sample of 70 players. Two scales were developed: the Administrative Creativity Scale and the Decision-Making Scale. Validity was examined through expert judgment, item discrimination, and internal consistency, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel.
Results: The final Administrative Creativity Scale consisted of 80 items across seven domains, while the Decision-Making Scale consisted of 56 items across five domains. The administrative creativity level was moderate, with a mean score of 267.814, while the decision-making level was high, with a mean score of 203.85. Most coaches were perceived to have moderate administrative creativity and high decision-making ability.
Conclusions: The two developed scales were valid and reliable for measuring administrative creativity and decision-making among elite handball coaches. Administrative creativity appears to support decision-making by helping coaches generate alternatives, adapt to match situations, and select appropriate solutions under competitive pressure.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Abdulmohsen Khalaf, Saadoun Qasim Lazim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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References
Bean, C., & Forneris, T. (2017). Is Life Skill Development a By-Product of Sport Participation? Perceptions of Youth Sport Coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(2), 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1231723
Bell, L. (2025). Overreaching and Overtraining in Strength Sports and Resistance Exercise Training [Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University]. https://doi.org/10.7190/shu-thesis-00683
Dello Iacono, A., Martone, D., Milic, M., & Padulo, J. (2017). Vertical- vs. Horizontal-Oriented Drop Jump Training: Chronic Effects on Explosive Performances of Elite Handball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(4), 921–931. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001555
E. Balaji, & K.Murugavel. (2013). Motor fitness parameters response to core strength training on Handball Playerso title found]. International Journal for Life Sciences and Educational Research.
Hackfort, D., & Tenenbaum, G. (2006). Essential Processes for Attaining Peak Performance. Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
Hermassi, S., Van Den Tillaar, R., Bragazzi, N. L., & Schwesig, R. (2021). The Associations Between Physical Performance and Anthropometric Characteristics in Obese and Non-obese Schoolchild Handball Players. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 580991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.580991
Loturco, I., Zabaloy, S., Pereira, L. A., Moura, T. B. M. A., Mercer, V. P., Fernandes, V., Zając, A., Matusinski, A., Freitas, T., & Bishop, C. (2024). Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). Journal of Human Kinetics, 90, 183–214. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/182888
Silva, A. F., Trybulski, R., Trybek, G., Moska, W., Castro, H., & González-Fernández, F. T. (2025). Comparing Adapted Small-Sided Team Sports and Aerobic Exercise with or without Cognitive Games: Effects on Fitness and Cognition in Older Men. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 589–602. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2025.589
Sugiyono. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. CV. Alfabeta.
Sunawa, M. K., Rustiadi, T., & Soekardi, S. (2018). The Contribution of Hand-Eye Coordination, Muscle Arm Strength, and Concentration to Standing Throw Shoot Results. Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 7(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpes.v7i2.25120
Vealey, R. S. (2024). A framework for mental training in sport: Enhancing mental skills, wellbeing, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 36(2), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2274459
Weston, N. J. V., Greenlees, I. A., & Thelwell, R. C. (2011). Athlete perceptions of the impacts of performance profiling. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2011.567107
Winkler, M., Künzell, S., & Augste, C. (2023). Competitive performance predictors in speed climbing, bouldering, and lead climbing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 41(8), 736–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2239598
Young, W. B., Dawson, B., & Henry, G. J. (2015). Agility and Change-of-Direction Speed are Independent Skills: Implications for Training for Agility in Invasion Sports. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10(1), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.1.159