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Abstract
Manila sapodilla unripe fruit extracts contain terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. The compound's retraction can be influenced by the extraction method, whether hot or cold. The chemical compound content of the extract plays a role in its biological activity, such as antibacterial activity. Salmonella typhimurium bacteria can cause problems in the digestive tract, causing typhoid fever (typhoid). The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of unripe Manila sapodilla fruit against Salmonella typhimurium using several extraction methods. Manila sapodilla unripe fruit simplicia powder was extracted using four methods: maceration, percolation, Soxhlet, and reflux, with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The concentration series of the tested extracts was 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%. As a negative control, Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent was used, and a positive control was chloramphenicol at 30 µg/disk. Antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. The observed parameters, namely the zone of inhibition, were analyzed statistically using Friedman's test at the 95% confidence level. The results showed that the ethanol extract of unripe manila sapodilla fruit from several extraction methods produced zones of inhibition: maceration ranged from 6.15-7.30 mm, percolation ranged from 6.46-8.18 mm, Soxhlet ranged from 6.03-8.50 mm, and reflux ranged from 7.26-8.27 mm. Statistical results showed a significant difference in zone of inhibition values from ethanol extracts of unripe manila sapodilla fruit across all extraction methods against Salmonella typhimurium. The reflux method yields the best zone-of-inhibition results because heat makes the compound easier to extract and prevents solvent saturation.
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References
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References
Febrianti, D.R., Niah, R., and Ariani, N., (2020), Antibakteri Kumpai Mahung (Eupatorium inulifolium H.B&K) Terhadap Salmonella typhi, Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia, 3(2), pp. 253-260.
Depkes R.I., (2000), Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat, jilid 1, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, pp. 9-11.
Depkes R.I., (2006), Monografi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, Vol. 2, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, pp. 124.
Harborne, J. B., (1987), Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan, Edisi kedua, ITB, Bandung, pp. 112-156.
Kasim, V. N. A., (2020), Peran Imunitas pada Infeksi Salmonella typhi, CV. Athra Samudra, Gorontalo, pp. 11-13.
Kemenkes R.I. Situation Report Penyakit Infeksi Emerging dan Potensial KLB/Wabah. https://surveilans.kemkes.go.id/berita/laporan-mingguan-situasi-terkini-penyakit-infem-dan-potensial-klb-wabah-m10-2026. Diakses: 6 April 2026, jam 11.00.
Mahyuni, S., Komala, O., and Fadilah, N., (2025), Perbandingan Aktivitas Ekstrak Microwave Assisted Extraction dan Refluks Daun Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.) Terhadap Jamur Trychophyton rubrum, Jurnal Farmasi, Kesehatan dan Sains (FASKES), 3(1), pp. 41-50.
Mukhriani, Nurlina, and Baso, F.F., (2014), Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Dan Identifikasi Ekstrak Buah Sawo Manila (Achras zapota L.) Terhadap Beberapa Mikroba Patogen Dengan Metode Difusi Agar, JF FIK UINAM, 2(2), pp. 69-74.
Pratiwi, D., (2023), Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr) Terhadap Bakteri Salmonella typhi, Jurnal Medistra Medical (MMJ), 1(1), pp. 29-33
Raymon, M., Teabe, B., Ali, A., and Khairuddin, (2016), Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Sawo Manila (Achras zapota L.) dengan Berbagai Cairan Penyari terhadap Salmonella typhimurium, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences, 1(1), pp. 6-10.
Salnus, S., and Nurhamsia, (2019), Uji Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Buah Sawo Manila (Manilkara zapota) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Salmonella typhi, Jurnal Kesehatan Panrita Husada, 4(1), pp. 13-16.
Sebayang, M.P., (2010), Uji Efek Antidiare Ekstrak Etanol Buah Tanaman Sawo (Achras zapota L.) terhadap Mencit Jantan, Skripsi, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.
Syamsul, E.S., Amanda, N.A., and Lestari, D., (2020), Perbandingan Ekstrak Lamur Aquilaria malaccensis Dengan Metode Maserasi dan Refluks, Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2(2), pp. 97-104.