Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0

Main Article Content

Abstract

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a promising low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production; however, its high impurity content and variable composition often limit conversion efficiency, particularly in single-step heterogeneous catalysis. This study addresses this challenge by developing a CaO/K₂O heterogeneous catalyst derived from waste chicken eggshells and optimizing the transesterification process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Unlike previous studies primarily focused on yield enhancement, this work integrates statistical optimization with GC–MS-based analysis to elucidate catalyst-dependent selectivity in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) distribution. The results show that reaction time is the dominant factor influencing biodiesel yield, while catalyst loading has a comparatively minor effect within the investigated range. Under optimal conditions (4.5 g catalyst, 4.5 h), a biodiesel yield of 69.6% was achieved, which is moderate compared to reported values (>85%) but acceptable considering the use of untreated WCO and a low-cost waste-derived catalyst. Fuel properties generally met international standards, although the acid value slightly exceeded the limit due to residual free fatty acids. This study highlights the trade-off between process simplicity and conversion efficiency and provides new insights into structure–activity–selectivity relationships in CaO/K₂O-based systems, offering a practical pathway for sustainable biodiesel production from low-quality feedstocks.

Keywords

waste cooking oil, biodiesel, CaO/K₂O catalyst, eggshell-derived catalyst, response surface methodology

Article Details

References

  1. Abdel-Hamid, S. M., Tharwat, K. M., Gad, A. M., Mahmoud, A. T., Emam, M. A., Khaled, A. M., Elshishiny, M. B., El-Sayed, A. A. Y. & Aly, S. T. 2023. Process optimization for biodiesel production and its effect on the performance of diesel engines. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 46, 694-701.
  2. Aboelazayem, O., Gadalla, M. & Saha, B. 2018. Valorisation of high acid value waste cooking oil into biodiesel using supercritical methanolysis: Experimental assessment and statistical optimisation on typical Egyptian feedstock. Energy, 162, 408-420.
  3. Al-Mawaali, S., Al-Balushi, K. & Souissi, Y. 2023. Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and waste animal fats. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal. 29-31.
  4. Al Doorı, W. H., Alı, O. M., Ahmed, A. H. & Koten, H. 2021. Comparative study of biodiesel production from different waste oil sources for optimum operation conditions and better engine performance. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 8, 457-465.
  5. Andalia, W., Pratiwi, I. & Arita, S. Analysis of biodiesel conversion on raw material variation using statistical process control method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019. IOP Publishing, 012037.
  6. Elfina, S., Pandiangan, K. D., Jamarun, N., Subriadi, F., Hafnimardiyanti, H. & Roswita, R. 2024. Transesterification of palm oil catalyzed by CaO/SiO2 prepared from limestone and rice husk silica. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science, 4, 49-57.
  7. Halilović, A., Begić, S., Iličković, Z., Fazlić, A. & Imamović, M. 2024. Investigation of the catalytic activity of hydrated lime Ca (OH) 2 in the process of transesterification of vegetable oils. Technologica Acta-Scientific/professional journal of chemistry and technology, 17, 39-47.
  8. Hossain, M., Muntaha, N., Osman Goni, L. K. M., Jamal, M. S., Gafur, M. A., Islam, D. & Fakhruddin, A. N. M. 2021. Triglyceride conversion of waste frying oil up to 98.46% using low concentration K+/CaO catalysts derived from eggshells. ACS omega, 6, 35679-35691.
  9. Hsiao, M.-C., Hou, S.-S., Kuo, J.-Y. & Hsieh, P.-H. 2018. Optimized conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel using calcium methoxide as catalyst under homogenizer system conditions. Energies, 11, 2622.
  10. Kanjiya, S. S., Dadhaniya, D. S., Vegada, B. J., Makadia, A. & Patel, R. 2019. Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils by Transesterification Process Using Alkaline Catalysts. IJDIERET, 8.
  11. Kusmiyati, K., Prasetyoko, D., Murwani, S., Nur Fadhilah, M., Oetami, T. P., Hadiyanto, H., Widayat, W., Budiman, A. & Roesyadi, A. 2019. Biodiesel production from reutealis trisperma oil using KOH impregnated eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst. Energies, 12, 3714.
  12. Lakhani, P., Bhanderi, D. & Modi, C. K. 2024. Support materials impact on green synthesis and sustainable processing via heterogeneous catalysis. Discover Catalysis, 1, 2.
  13. Lamichhane, G., Khadka, S., Adhikari, S., Koirala, N. & Poudyal, D. P. 2020. Biofuel production from waste cooking oils and its physicochemical properties in comparison to petrodiesel. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 87-94.
  14. Luo, X., Wang, Y., Xie, X., Su, T., Chen, J., Qin, Z. & Ji, H. 2021. Catalytic ozonation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde over Ca (OH) 2. ChemistrySelect, 6, 5052-5060.
  15. Maqsood, K. & Alsaady, M. 2022. Optimization using response surface methodology for producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil using fishbone catalyst. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 53, 1242-1248.
  16. Maroa, S. & Inambao, F. 2021. A Review Of Sustainable Biodiesel Production Using Biomass Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts. Engineering In Life Sciences, 21, 790-824.
  17. Meka, W. & Asere, T. G. 2022. Biodiesel Production From Waste Frying Oil Using Catalysts Derived From Waste Materials. Journal Of The Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 9, 939-952.
  18. Moradi, G., Mohadesi, M., Rezaei, R. & Moradi, R. 2015. Biodiesel Production Using Cao/Γ‐Al2o3 Catalyst Synthesized By Sol‐Gel Method. The Canadian Journal Of Chemical Engineering, 93, 1531-1538.
  19. Neupane, D. 2022. Biofuels From Renewable Sources, A Potential Option For Biodiesel Production. Bioengineering, 10, 29.
  20. Nnamani, R., Okwu, P., John, B. & Abayeh, O. 2020. Preliminary investigation of transesterified waste cooking oil (WCO) as a biodiesel. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 45.
  21. Papargyriou, D., Broumidis, E., De Vere-Tucker, M., Gavrielides, S., Hilditch, P., Irvine, J. T. & Bonaccorso, A. D. 2019. Investigation Of Solid Base Catalysts For Biodiesel Production From Fish Oil. Renewable Energy, 139, 661-669.
  22. Pattiasina, P. M., Sutapa, I. W. & Tehubijuluw, H. 2023. Biodiesel From The Waste Cooking Oil Is Catalyzed By Egg-Shell Of Purebred Chicken With Methanol As A Solvent. Bioedupat Pattimura Journal Of Biology And Learning, 3, 71-74.
  23. Praikaew, W., Kiatkittipong, W., Aiouache, F., Najdanovic‐Visak, V., Termtanun, M., Lim, J. W., Lam, S. S., Kiatkittipong, K., Laosiripojana, N. & Boonyasuwat, S. 2022. Mechanism of CaO catalyst deactivation with unconventional monitoring method for glycerol carbonate production via transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate. International Journal of Energy Research, 46, 1646-1658.
  24. Rahman, F. & Rodiah, S. 2020. The Effect of CaO Catalyst Mass from Golden Snail Shell (Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck) on Transesterification Reaction. ALKIMIA: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan, 4, 88-92.
  25. Reşitoğlu, İ. A. & Keskin, A. 2018. The effect of biodiesel derived from waste oil on engine performance and emission characteristics. J. Environ. Sci. Stud, 1, 55.
  26. Shannan Al-Khalasi, S., Saif Al-Ghafri, A., Nasser Al-Saqri, S. & Hamed Al-Habsi, J. Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Ethanol Produced from Sugar or Dates Syrup. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2024. IOP Publishing, 012004.
  27. Susvira, D., Hartono, R. & Fauzantoro, R. 2022. Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) based on duck eggshell with transesterification reaction. Jurnal Kartika Kimia, 5, 40-43.
  28. Taylor, C. G., Metherell, A. J., Argent, S. P., Ashour, F. M., Williams, N. H. & Ward, M. D. 2020. Coordination‐Cage‐Catalysed Hydrolysis Of Organophosphates: Cavity‐Or Surface‐Based? Chemistry–A European Journal, 26, 3065-3073.
  29. Widiarti, N., Haq, I. A., Mahatmanti, F. W., Harjito, H., Kurniawan, C., Suprapto, S. & Prasetyoko, D. 2018. Biodiesel Synthesis From Waste Cooking Oil Using Cao. Sro Catalyst By Transesterification Reaction In Batch Reactor. Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan, 7, 136-141.
  30. Xiao, Y., Zhang, M., Yang, D., Zhang, L., Zhuang, S., Tang, J., Zhang, Z. & Qiao, X. 2023. Synergy of paired brønsted–lewis acid sites on defects of Zr-MIL-140A for methanol dehydration. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15, 34675-34681.
  31. Yu, X., Deng, Z., Yao, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Wan, H., Gao, J., Ma, R. & Ma, W. 2023. Heterointerface engineering of NiFe (oxy) hydroxides/CNTs by in situ anchoring of sub-nano Au for efficient water oxidation. Nanoscale, 15, 12287-12295.
  32. Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Xu, M., Chen, A., Ni, Z., Akdim, O., Wågberg, T., Huang, X. & Hu, G. 2022. Interface engineering on amorphous/crystalline hydroxides/sulfides heterostructure nanoarrays for enhanced solar water splitting. ACS nano, 17, 636-647.