Article Sidebar

Submitted
February 23, 2026
Published
July 31, 2026
Download
pdf 197-217
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the level of empowerment of coffee–goat integrated farmers and the factors influencing it in Simpang Empat District, Karo Regency, Indonesia. The research site was purposively selected due to its status as a coffee production center where farmers commonly integrate coffee farming with goat husbandry. A census sampling method was applied to 33 farmers who are members of farmer groups assisted by the Starbucks Farmer Support Center (SFSC). Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, while secondary data were obtained from relevant institutions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with a Likert scale to measure the Farmer Empowerment Index (FEI), and multiple linear regression to identify determinants of empowerment.  The results indicate that farmer empowerment is categorized as strong to very strong, with the highest scores in decision-making ability (82.12%) and partnership and networking capacity (81.81%). Partially, farmers’ interest, participation, and the role of extension agents have a positive and significant effect on empowerment, with the role of extension agents emerging as the most dominant variable. Local culture shows a positive but statistically insignificant effect. Simultaneously, the regression model demonstrates strong explanatory power (R² = 0.716), indicating that 71.6% of the variation in empowerment is explained by the variables included in the model. These findings confirm that empowerment in integrated farming systems requires a systemic approach that combines individual capacity and institutional support to achieve sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords

farmer empowerment, coffee–goat integration, participation, extension role.

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

  1. Adhar, F., & Desfandi, M. (2024). Dampak Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Perekonomian Warga Di Gampong Paya Baro Kecamatan Teunom Kabupaten Aceh Jaya. Pendidikan Geosfer, Khusus(2), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpg.v%vi%i.33306
  2. Akter, S., Ahmed, J. U., Begum, I. A., Sarkar, M. A. R., Fatema, K., Mahmud, A., Ding, S., & Alam, M. J. (2025). Integrated farming system-A means of improving farmers’ well-being in the wetland ecosystem of Bangladesh. Farming System, 3(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100127
  3. Ananda, A. N., Azzahra, T. S., Susanti, W., & Wikansari, R. (2023). Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Kopi Indonesia Pada Pasar Internasional (Analysis Of The Competitiveness Of Indonesian Coffee Exports In The International Market). AGRORADIX : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 7(1), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.52166/agroteknologi.v7i1.5281
  4. Anggraini, D. M., Aminudin, I., & Muhib, A. (2022). Daya Saing Kopi Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional. Sharia Agribusiness J, 2(1), 33–50.
  5. Astardiana, P. N. A., Suminah, & Sugiharjo. (2020). The Influence of Experience on the Farmers’Attitudes in Utilizing Integrated Rice Agricultural Services Center (SP3T). International Journal of Science and Society, 2(4), 597–603.
  6. Astaurina, E., Widyantari, I. N., & Situmorang, F. C. (2024). Keadaan Sosial Ekonomi Dan Tingkat Kesejateraan Petani Padi Orang Asli Papua (OAP) Di Distrik Kurik Kabupaten Merauke. Musamus Journal of Agribusiness, 7(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.35724/mujagri.v7i1.5944
  7. Bhesara, M. A., Muatip, K., & Mastuti, S. (2025). The Effect of Livestock Ownership and Educational Level on the Economic Welfare of Goat Farmers in Kedungbanteng District. Journal Online Pertanian Tropik., 12(02), 11–20.
  8. BPS. (2024). Kabupaten Karo Dalam Angka (Karo Regency in Figures) (23rd ed.). Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Karo.
  9. BPS. (2025). Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka (Sumatera Utara Province in Figure).
  10. Cofré-Bravo, G., Klerkx, L., & Engler, A. (2019). Combinations of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital for farm innovation: How farmers configure different support networks. Journal of Rural Studies, 69(April 2022), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.04.004
  11. Dananjaya, I. G. A. N. (2020). Pengaruh Integrasi Ternak Kambing Dan Tanaman Kopi Terhadap Pendapatan Kelompok Tani Ternak Satwa Amerta, di Desa Mundeh, Kecamatan Selemadeg Barat, Kabupaten Tabanan. DwijenAGRO, 10(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46650/dwijenagro.10.1.1004.53-60
  12. Das, A., Datta, D., Samajdar, T., Idapuganti, R. G., Islam, M., Choudhury, B. U., Mohapatra, K. P., Layek, J., Babu, S., & Yadav, G. S. (2021). Livelihood security of small holder farmers in eastern Himalayas, India: Pond based integrated farming system a sustainable approach. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100076
  13. Falah, A. N., Ratmaningsih, N., & Sumantri, Y. K. (2022). Implementation of Social Capital in Community Empowerment (Case Study in Komunitas Ketimbang Ngemis Bandung). International Journal Pedagogy of Social Studies, 7(2), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijposs.v7i2.32756
  14. Fransiska, S. Dela, & Wijaya, A. (2024). Jaringan Sosial Pada Sistem Maro Sawah di Kelurahan Bojong Kabupaten Purbalingga. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa Dan Pertanian (JIMDP), 9(4), 406–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v9i4.1458
  15. Futra, S., Sastrawan, S., Salman, Rusli, & Suryati. (2022). Faktor Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Peternak Dalam Integrasi Ternak Kambing Dengan Kopi Arabika Gayo di Kecamatan Atu Lintang. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Dan Veteriner, 4(2), 8–16. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.55542/jipvet.v4i2.562
  16. Ginting, A., Hotden Leonardo Nainggolan, & Tampubolon, Y. R. (2025). Analisis Manfaat Ekonomi Sistem Pertanian Terintegrasi Untuk Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani Kopi Di Kabupaten Samosir Provinsi Sumatera Utara. ASc : Journal Agribusiness Sciences, 9(1), 101–112.
  17. Gusti, I. M., Gayatri, S., & Prasetyo, A. S. (2022). Pengaruh Umur, Tingkat Pendidikan dan Lama Bertani terhadap Pengetahuan Petani Mengenai Manfaat dan Cara Penggunaan Kartu Tani di Kecamatan Parakan/The Affecting of Farmer Ages, Level of Education and Farm Experience of the farming knowledge about Kartu T. Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 19(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.36762/jurnaljateng.v19i2.926
  18. Hidayah, I., Yulhendri, Y., & Susanti, N. (2022). Peran Sektor Pertanian dalam Perekonomian Negara Maju dan Negara Berkembang: Sebuah Kajian Literatur. Jurnal Salingka Nagari, 1(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.24036/jsn.v1i1.9
  19. Hidrobo, M., Kosec, K., Gartaula, H. N., Campenhout, B. Van, & Carrillo, L. (2024). Making complementary agricultural resources, technologies, and services more gender-responsive. Global Food Security, 42(June), 100778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100778
  20. Ika, L. (2021). Teknik Pengambilan Sampel Purposive dan Snowball Sampling. HISTORIS : Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Sejarah, 6(1), 33–39. https://doi.org//10.31764/historis.vXiY.4075
  21. Imanudin, M. S., Sulistiyani, P., Armanto, M. E., Madjid, A., & Saputra, A. (2021). Land Suitability and Agricultural Technology for Rice Cultivation on Tidal Lowland Reclamation in South Sumatra (Kesesuaian Lahan dan Teknologi Pertanian untuk Budidaya Padi di Lahan Reklamasi Rawa Pasang Surut Sumatera Selatan). Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands, 10(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.36706/jlso.10.1.2021.527
  22. Kaledupa, N., Pattinama, M. J., & Lawalata, M. (2020). Pemberdayaan Petani Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi Padi Sawah (Oryza sativa) di Desa Savana Jaya/Farmer Empowerment In Increasing The Production Of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa) In Savana Jaya. AGRILAN : Jurnal Agribisnis Kepulauan, 8(2), 162–177.
  23. Kasmita, K. H., Eviany, E., & Sutikno, A. N. (2021). Pemberdayaan Petani Kopi Oleh Dinas Pertanian Di Desa Ramung Jaya Kecamatan Permata Kabupaten Bener Meriah Provinsi Aceh. J-3P (Jurnal Pembangunan Pemberdayaan Pemerintahan), 6(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.33701/j-3p.v6i2.1735
  24. Kenyanya, P. N., & Ndegwa, D. (2024). Financial factors, financial literacy and coffee output among smallholder coffee farmers in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 9(6), 52–56.
  25. Kobak, R., Frank, S. A. K., Poli, A. I., & Idris, U. (2024). Empowerment Of Coffee Farmers In Improving Community Welfare In Bokon Village. International Journal of Social Science, 4(4), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v4i4.9332
  26. Koch, M., Lakner, S., Hass, A. L., Huber, J. M., Plieninger, T., Westphal, C., & Schüler, S. (2025). Factors influencing farmer participation in bottom-up collaborative agri-environment-climate measures. Journal of Rural Studies, 119(July), 1–11.
  27. Mahmood, N., Arshad, M., Mehmood, Y., Shahzad, M. F., & K¨achele, H. (2021). Farmers’ Perceptions And Role Of Institutional Arrangements In Climate Change Adaptation: Insights From Rainfed Pakistan. Climate Risk Management, 32(October 2020), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100288
  28. Martínez-Azúa, B. C., López-Salazar, P. E., & Sama-Berrocal, C. (2020). Determining Factors of Innovative Performance: Case Studies in Extremaduran Agri-Food Companies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(21), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219098
  29. Nainggolan, H. L., Ginting, A., Tampubolon, J., Simanjuntak, T. H., & Situmorang, E. Y. (2024). Analisis Pendapatan Dan Kondisi Pemberdayaan Petani Kopi Sistem Integrasi Dengan Ternak Kambing Binaan Starbuck Farmer Support Centre Di Kecamatan Ronggur Nihuta Kabupaten Samosir (Analysis Of Income And Conditions Of Coffee Farmers’ Empowerment Integrati. Jurnal Pertanian Agros, 26(2), 4649–4658.
  30. Nainggolan, H. L., Ginting, A., Tampubolon, Y. R., Tampubolon, J., & Siahaan, F. R. (2024). Analisis Pendapatan dan Strategi Pemberdayaan Petani Integrasi Usahatani Kopi-Ternak Kambing di Kabupaten Samosir, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia (Income Analysis and Farmer Empowerment Strategy for Coffee Farming-Goat Farming Integration in the District of Sa. Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal, 7(2), 602–615. https://doi.org/10.37637/ab.v7i2.1557
  31. Ningrum, M. S., Karwati, L., & Novitasari, N. (2022). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Kelompok Tani Dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Petani Padi (Studi Pada Kelompok Mekar Tani Di Kelurahan Babakan Kalangsari Kecamatan Cipedes Kota Tasikmalaya). Learning Community : Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 6(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.19184/jlc.v6i1.30832
  32. OctaviaTunas, O., ReijnaldoNgangi, C., & Timban, J. F. J. (2023). Pengaruh Luas Lahan Dan Pengalaman Berusahatani Terhadap Pendapatan Petani Padi Di Desa Taraitak I Kecamatan Langowan Utara Kabupaten Minahasa (The Effect Of Land Area And Farming Experience On The Income Of Rice Farmers In Taraitak I Village North Lawong. Agri-Sosioekonomi, 19(1), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.v19i1.46439
  33. Palash, M. S., Haque, A. B. M. M., Rahman, M. W., Nahiduzzaman, M., & Hossain, A. (2024). Economic Well-Being Induced Women’s Empowerment: Evidence From Coastal Fishing Communities of Bangladesh. Heliyon, 10(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28743
  34. Prain, G., Wheatley, C., Odseyc, C., Verzola, L., Bertuso, A., Roae, J., & Naziri, D. (2020). Research-development Partnerships For Scaling Complex Innovation: Lessons From the Farmer Business School in IFAD-Supported Loan-Grant Collaborations In Asia. Agricultural Systems, 182(April), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102834
  35. Rozci, F. (2023). Dampak Perubahan Iklim Terhadap Sektor Pertanian Padi (The Impact of Climate Change on The Rice Agriculture Sector). Jurnal Ilmiah Sosio Agribis, 23(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.30742/jisa23220233476
  36. Rusita Fitriani, Rini Widiati, & Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti. (2023). Penilaian Ekonomi Integrasi Sumberdaya Lokal Tanaman dan Kambing Peranakan Ettawa di Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Triton, 14(2), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.47687/jt.v14i2.495
  37. Sahbudin, Kurniati, D., & Suyatno, A. (2022). Motivation and participation of farmers in the AUTP program in Sungai Pinyuh District, Mempawah Regency (Motivasi dan partisipasi petani pada program AUTP Di Kecamatan Sungai Pinyuh Kabupaten Mempawah). AGRISEP, 21(02), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.21.2.437-456
  38. Sayoga, A. A. H. E., & Artiningsih. (2023). Preferensi Adaptasi Masyarakat Kecamatan Bancak Kabupaten Semarang terhadap Kerentanan Bencana Kekeringan (Community Adaptation’s Preferences of Drought Vulnerability in Bancak District, Semarang Regency). Jurnal Litbang: Media Informasi Penelitian, Pengembangan Dan IPTEK, 19(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.33658/jl.v19i1.303
  39. Sia, R., Darma, R., Salman, D., & Riwu, M. (2025). Sustainability assessment of the arabica coffee agribusiness in North Toraja: insight from a multidimensional approach. Sustainability, 17(267), 1–24.
  40. Sihombing, Y. (2021). Peran Sektor Pertanian Terhadap Perekonomian Wilayah Perdesaan dalam Mengentaskan Kemiskinan. Seminar Nasional Dalam Rangka Dies Natalis Ke-45 UNS Tahun 2021, 5(1), 936–945.
  41. Solehati, F., Abadi, M., & Hadini, H. A. (2023). Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Ternak Kambing di Kecamatan Kontunaga Kabupaten Muna Sulawesi Tenggara (Analysis of Goat Livestock Business Income in Kontunaga District Muna Regency Southeast Sulawesi). JIPHO (Jurnal Ilmiah Perternakan Halu Oleo), 5(4), 296–301. https://doi.org/10.56625/jipho.v5i4.42133
  42. Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. CV. Alfabeta.
  43. Supriatin, Y. M., & Istiana, I. I. (2022). Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Adat Sinar Resmi sebagai Identitas Bangsa. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, Dan Budaya, 1(2), 01–14. https://doi.org/10.55606/mateandrau.v1i2.104
  44. Surya, B., Suriani, S., Menne, F., Abubakar, H., Idris, M., Rasyidi, E. S., & Remmang, H. (2021). Community Empowerment and Utilization of Renewable Energy: Entrepreneurial Perspective for Community Resilience Based on Sustainable Management of Slum Settlements in Makassar City, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(6), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063178
  45. Tran, D. D., Quang, C. N. X., Tien, P. D., Tran, P. G., Long, P. K., Hoa, H. Van, Giang, N. N. H., & Ha, L. T. T. (2020). livelihood vulnerability and adaptation capacity of rice farmers under climate change and environmental pressure on the Vietnam Mekong Delta Floodplains. Water, 12(3282), 1–18.
  46. Trieanto., P. F., Ismiasih, & Manumono, D. (2022). Tingkat Kepuasan Petani Dan Strategi Keberlanjutan Kemitraan Inti-Plasma Kelapa Sawit Di Kalimantan Barat (Farmer Satisfaction Level Andstrategy For Palm Oil Inti-Plasma Partnership Sustainability in West Kalimantan). Agrisintech (Journal of Agribusiness and Agrotechnology), 3(2), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.31938/agrisintech.v3i2.393
  47. Utami, Q., & Suprapti, I. (2020). Faktor Modal Sosial Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani Jagung Lokal Desa Guluk Guluk Kabupaten Sumenep. Agriscience, 1(1), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.21107/agriscience.v1i1.7972
  48. Utami, S., & Rangkuti, K. (2021). Sistem Pertanian Terpadu Tanaman Ternak Untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Lahan: A Review (Integrated Agriculture Systems For Land Productivity Improvement: A Review). AGRILAND Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 9(1), 1–6. https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/agriland
  49. Waheed, O. O., Ayodele, O. O., & Issah, U. J. (2020). Innovation and Creativity in Agriculture for sustainable Development. World Rural Observations, 12(4), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.7537/marswro120420.05.Keywords
  50. Worakittikul, W., Srisathan, W. A., Rattanpon, K., Kulkaew, A., Groves, J., Pontun, P., & Naruetharadhol, P. (2025). Cultivating Sustainability: Harnessing Open Innovation And Circular Economy Practices For Eco-Innovation In Agricultural SMEs. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100494
  51. Wulandari, A., Abdussamad, & Septiana, N. (2020). Partisipasi Petani Dalam Kegiatan Kelompok Tani Pada Usahatani Jeruk Siam Di Kecamatan Astambul, Kabupaten Banjar (Farmer’s Participation in Farmer Group Activities on Siam Orange Farming in Astambul Sub-District, Banjar District). Frontier Agribisnis, 2(4), 21–26.
  52. Wulandari, S., Djufry, F., & Villano, R. (2022). Coping strategies of smallholder coffee farmers under the COVID-19 impact in Indonesia. Agriculture, 12(690), 1–18.
  53. Yolanda Holle. (2022). Penguatan Kelembagaan Kelompok Tani Untuk Meningkatkan Posisi Tawar Petani. Sosio Agri Papua, 11(01), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.30862/sap.v11i01.253
  54. Zhou, D., & Li, L. (2022). Farming Experience, Personal Characteristics, And Entrepreneurial Decisions Of Urban Residents: Empirical Evidence From China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(July), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859936