Article Sidebar

Submitted
October 23, 2025
Published
January 15, 2025
Download
pdf
Statistic
Read Counter : 8 Download : 6

Main Article Content

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health issue, prompting the search for new antibacterial sources. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of extraction parameters, such as substrate-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, and microwave power, on the yield and total phenolic content (TPC) of Plumeria alba L. leaf extracts using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) and to assess their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Optimization of the extraction process involved varying solvent ratios (1:10, 1:15, 1:20 w/v), extraction times (5, 10, and 15 minutes), and microwave power levels (10%). The results showed that both yield and TPC increased with higher solvent volume and longer extraction times. The optimal conditions (1:20 solvent ratio, 15 minutes extraction time, 10% microwave power) yielded a maximum TPC of 67.98 mg GAE/g, with a significant inhibition zone of 17 mm observed on E. coli, indicating strong antibacterial activity. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds play a key role in the bioactivity, exerting effects such as protein denaturation, membrane permeability alteration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of MAE in extracting bioactive compounds from P. alba leaves and establish a quantitative relationship between extraction parameters, phenolic yield, and antibacterial efficacy. This study provides a foundation for utilizing P. alba leaf biomass as a natural antibacterial agent and promoting the use of green extraction methods in phytochemical research.

Keywords

Frangipani leaves phenolic microwave antibacterial

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

  1. Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H. and Ukaegbu, C. I. (2021) ‘Extraction of phenolic compounds: A review’, Current Research in Food Science, 4, pp. 200–214. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.03.011.
  2. Altuntas, S. and Korukluoglu, M. (2024) ‘the Role of Phenolic Compounds As Potential Antimicrobial Agents’, Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 7, 3, pp. 503–516. doi: 10.58532/v3bcag7p1ch27.
  3. Chassagne, F. et al. (2020) ‘A Systematic Review of Plants With Antibacterial Activities: A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Perspective.’, Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, p. 586548. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586548.
  4. Chy, M. W. R. et al. (2024) ‘Optimization of microwave-assisted polyphenol extraction and antioxidant activity from papaya peel using response surface methodology and artificial neural network’, Applied Food Research, 4(2), p. 100591. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2024.100591.
  5. Dao, D. T. A. et al. (2022) ‘Research on microwave-assisted extraction with blanching pretreatment effect on bioactive compounds of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) powder’, Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(7), p. e16690. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16690.
  6. Erikania, S. and Hariningsih, Y. (2017) ‘Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kamboja (Plumeria Sp) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro’, Edu Masda Journal, 1(1), p. 74. doi: 10.52118/edumasda.v1i1.45.
  7. Febriani, H. et al. (2025) ‘Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction to obtain a polyphenol-rich crude extract from duku (Lansium domesticum Corr.) leaf and the correlation with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities’, Kuwait Journal of Science, 52(1), p. 100315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjs.2024.100315.
  8. Gavrila, A. I. et al. (2025) ‘Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Crataegus monogyna L.’, Antioxidants. doi: 10.3390/antiox14030357.
  9. Kaur, J. et al. (2022) ‘Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity properties of Plumeria alba flower extract against oral and periodontal pathogens: A comparative in vitro study.’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 26(4), pp. 334–341. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_329_21.
  10. Khalfi, A. et al. (2024) ‘Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Phenolic Compounds from Date Seeds.’, Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 13(23). doi: 10.3390/foods13233771.
  11. López-Salazar, H. et al. (2023) ‘Microwave-assisted Extraction of Functional Compounds from Plants: A Review’, BioResources, pp. 6614–6638. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.3.Lopez-Salazar.
  12. Mary Mawumenyo Mamattah, K. et al. (2023) ‘Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils of Plumeria alba’, Biochemistry Research International, 2023(1), p. 1040478. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1040478.
  13. Mobasheri, F. et al. (2025) ‘Machine learning optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenolics and tannins from pomegranate peel’, Scientific Reports, 15(1), p. 19439. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04798-4.
  14. Monica, S. et al. (2025) ‘Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal Impact Of Ethanol Extract Ratios from Leaves and Flowers of White Frangipani (Plumeria Alba) On the Growth of Bacillus Cereus as A Cause of Food Poisoning’, 1951, pp. 1–5. Available at: https://doi.org/10.61336/appjWebsite:https://azpharmjournal.com/en/.
  15. Mukhopadhyay, S., Dutta, R. and Das, P. (2025) ‘Process optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from leaves of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack: Process intensification approach’, Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 212, p. 110284. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2025.110284.
  16. Patra, A., Abdullah, S. and Pradhan, R. C. (2022) ‘Review on the extraction of bioactive compounds and characterization of fruit industry by-products.’, Bioresources and bioprocessing, 9(1), p. 14. doi: 10.1186/s40643-022-00498-3.
  17. Siang, C. C. et al. (2022) ‘Antioxidant and antibacterial response of hydroalcoholic extract of Plumeria alba leaves’, International journal of health sciences, 6(April), pp. 12393–12411. doi: 10.53730/ijhs.v6ns2.8279.
  18. Tanruean, K. et al. (2025) ‘Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process for Production of Polyphenol-Rich Crude Extract from Cinnamomum iners Leaves’, Applied Sciences. doi: 10.3390/app15031265.