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November 7, 2026
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Abstract

Drug Related Problems are drug therapy–related issues that may negatively affect clinical and economic outcomes. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are particularly at risk due to chronic disease management and frequent use of multiple medications. This study aimed to identify potential DRPs in adult outpatient type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta. This observational descriptive study employed a cross-sectional design. Medical record data of adult outpatient type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated during 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Data extraction was conducted in February–March 2025. Patients were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Potential DRPs were identified and classified according to the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Classification version 9.1. Among 100 medical records reviewed, 8 patients (8.0%) experienced potential DRPs, with a total of 28 cases consisting of 2 problem domains (P) and 6 cause domains (C). The most frequent problems were non-optimal drug treatment effects (P1.2) (21.4%) and possible adverse drug events (P2.1) (7.1%). The most common causes included inappropriate drug selection not in accordance with guidelines or formularies (C1.1) (25.0%) and subtherapeutic dosing (C3.1) (21.4%). Although the proportion of patients with potential drug related problems was relatively low, clinically relevant issues related to drug selection and dosing were identified. These findings highlight the important role of pharmacists in routine medication review and optimization of pharmacotherapy to prevent DRPs in outpatient type 2 diabetes mellitus management.

Keywords

adult analysis drug related problems pharmaceutical care network europe type 2 diabetes mellitus

Article Details

Copyright (c) 2026 Faizal Ardiansyah, Rolando Rahardjoputro, Adhi Wardhana Amrullah, Eerzta Zusvita Widyastuti

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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