Article Sidebar

Submitted
March 27, 2024
Published
July 1, 2025
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 38 Download : 60

Main Article Content

Abstract

Abelmoschus esculentus L. is a vegetable that contains secondary metabolites. This study tested antioxidant activity with IC50 parameters, the ability of this extract as a sunscreen with SPF, erythema and pigmentation as parameters, and an anti-inflammatory test.  Abelmoschus esculentus fruit was extracted with 80% ethanol and obtained a yield of 30.68%. Screening phytochemicals to prove that Abelmoschus esculentus fruit extract contains saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and alkaloids. Compounds that have the potential to be antioxidants, sunscreens and anti-inflammation agents are phenols, especially flavonoids, so the quantitative amount is analyzed. The total amount of phenolic compounds in Abelmoschus esculentus fruit extract was 113.4751 mgQA/g, and the total amount of flavonoids was 61.1284 mgQE/g. For testing antioxidant activity with the DPPH method, the IC50 was obtained at 53.5303 mcg/mL, which is a strong category. As for testing sunscreen, the SPF value of ethanol extract in vitro using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at levels of 100 mcg/mL of 1.1295 and 200 mcg/mL of 1.5748 means that concentration has not been able to become a sunscreen because the SPF value is still below the minimum protection category, but 400 mcg/mL levels of 2.2610 can provide minimal protection.  The results of the anti-inflammatory test gave results of IC50 is 153.837 mcg/L.

Keywords

Abelmoschus esculentus Antioxidant anti-inflammatory extract

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

  1. Abdiana, R., & Anggraini, D. I. (2017). Rambut jagung (Zea mays L.) sebagai alternatif tabir surya. Jurnal Majority, 7(1), 31–35.
  2. Acharya, V. V, & Chaudhuri, P. (2021). Modalities of protein denaturation and nature of denaturants. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 69(2), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v69i02.002
  3. Akhil, T. T., & Prabhu, P. (2013). Evaluation of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity potential of Hemigraphis colorata. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(9), 3477. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(9).3477-83
  4. Amar, S. K., & Kumar, D. (2019). Chemiexcitation of Melanin and Melanoma Pathogenesis BT. In A. Dwivedi, N. Agarwal, L. Ray, & A. K. Tripathi (Eds.), Skin Aging & Cancer: Ambient UV-R Exposure (pp. 79–86). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2541-0_8
  5. Ambriz-Pérez, D. L., Leyva-López, N., Gutierrez-Grijalva, E. P., & Heredia, J. B. (2016). Phenolic compounds: Natural alternative in inflammation treatment. A Review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1131412. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1131412
  6. Asai, Y., Armstrong, D., McPhie, M. L., Xue, C., & Rosen, C. F. (2021). Systematic Review of Interventions to Increase Awareness of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Harm and Protective Behaviors in Post-Secondary School Adults. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 25(4), 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475420988863
  7. Astutiningsih, C. (2021). Isolation and Inhibition Test of Quercetin Compound from Okra Fruit (Abelmoscus esculentus. 2021. L). Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis, 7(3), 356–364. https://doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v7i3.6203
  8. Baba, S. A., & Malik, S. A. (2018). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 9(4), 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.001
  9. Bondam, A. F., Diolinda da Silveira, D., Pozzada dos Santos, J., & Hoffmann, J. F. (2022). Phenolic compounds from coffee by-products: Extraction and application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 123, 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.013
  10. Carmona-Hernandez, J. C., Taborda-Ocampo, G., & González-Correa, C. H. (2021). Folin-Ciocalteu Reaction Alternatives for Higher Polyphenol Quantitation in Colombian Passion Fruits. International Journal of Food Science, 2021, 8871301. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871301
  11. Chang, C.-C., Yang, M.-H., Wen, H.-M., & Chern, J.-C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
  12. Djova, S. V, Nyegue, M. A., Messi, A. N., Afagnigni, A. D., & Etoa, F.-X. (2019). Phytochemical Study of Aqueous Extract of Ochna schweinfurthiana F. Hoffm Powder Bark and Evaluation of Their Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, and Genotoxic Properties. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 8908343. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8908343
  13. Dudeck, A., Köberle, M., Goldmann, O., Meyer, N., Dudeck, J., Lemmens, S., Rohde, M., Roldán, N. G., Dietze-Schwonberg, K., Orinska, Z., Medina, E., Hendrix, S., Metz, M., Zenclussen, A. C., von Stebut, E., & Biedermann, T. (2019). Mast cells as protectors of health. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 144(4, Supplement), S4–S18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.054
  14. Dutra, E. A., Costa, D. A. G., Oliveira, E. R. M. K.-H., & Santoro, M. (2004). Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Sunscreens by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. Rev Bras. Cienc. Do Solo, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322004000300014
  15. Erukainure, O. L., Ajiboye, J. A., Adejobi, R. O., Okafor, O. Y., & Adenekan, S. O. (2011). Protective effect of pineapple (Ananas cosmosus) peel extract on alcohol–induced oxidative stress in brain tissues of male albino rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 1(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(11)60002-9
  16. Farzaei, M. H., Singh, A. K., Kumar, R., Croley, C. R., Pandey, A. K., Coy-Barrera, E., Kumar Patra, J., Das, G., Kerry, R. G., Annunziata, G., Tenore, G. C., Khan, H., Micucci, M., Budriesi, R., Momtaz, S., Nabavi, S. M., & Bishayee, A. (2019). Targeting Inflammation by Flavonoids: Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Metabolic Disorders. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 20, Issue 19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194957
  17. Foti, M. C. (2015). Use and Abuse of the DPPH• Radical. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(40), 8765–8776. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03839
  18. Ghazi, S. (2022). Do the polyphenolic compounds from natural products can protect the skin from ultraviolet rays? Results in Chemistry, 4, 100428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100428
  19. Hamoudi, M., Amroun, D., Baghiani, A., Khennouf, S., & Dahamna, S. (2021). Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Alcoholic Extracts of Ephedra nebrodensis From Eastern Algeria. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(5), 574–580. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.24571
  20. Hanani, E. (2015). Analisis Fitokimia. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran ECG.
  21. Harborne, J. B. (1987). Metode fitokimia: Penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. ITB.
  22. Jadid, N., Hidayati, D., Hartanti, S. R., Arraniry, B. A., Rachman, R. Y., & Wikanta, W. (2017). Antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Piper retrofractum Vahl. using DPPH assay. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1854(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985410
  23. Jones, C. L., Degasperi, A., Grandi, V., Amarante, T. D., Ambrose, J. C., Arumugam, P., Baple, E. L., Bleda, M., Boardman-Pretty, F., Boissiere, J. M., Boustred, C. R., Brittain, H., Caulfield, M. J., Chan, G. C., Craig, C. E. H., Daugherty, L. C., de Burca, A., Devereau, A., Elgar, G., … Consortium, G. E. R. (2021). Spectrum of mutational signatures in T-cell lymphoma reveals a key role for UV radiation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3962. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83352-4
  24. Lekmine S, Boussekine S, Akkal S, Martin-Gracia A.I, Bournegoura A, Kadi K, Djeghim H, Mekersi N, Bendjedid S, Bensouici C, Gema, N. .(2021). Investigation of Photoprotective, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant Capacities and LC-ESI-MS Phenolic Profile of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel. Foods. 10(8) https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081937
  25. Liu, M., Yu, W., Fang, Y., Zhou, H., Liang, Y., Huang, C., Liu, H., & Zhao, G. (2023). Pyruvate and lactate based hydrogel film inhibits UV radiation-induced skin inflammation and oxidative stress. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 634, 122697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122697
  26. Lucas, R. M., Yazar, S., Young, A. R., Norval, M., de Gruijl, F. R., Takizawa, Y., Rhodes, L. E., Sinclair, C. A., & Neale, R. E. (2019). Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 18(3), 641–680. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8PP90060D
  27. Matei, D., Trofin, D., Iordan, D. A., Onu, I., Condurache, I., Ionite, C., & Buculei, I. (2023). The Endocannabinoid System and Physical Exercise. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 24, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031989
  28. Molyneux, P. (2004). The Use of the Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(December 2003). https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.6.2.144
  29. Mouffouk C, Mouffouk S, Uulmi K, Mouffouk S, Hab H. (2020). In Vitro photoprotective, hemosatatic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the species Linaria scariosa Desf. South African Journal of Botany. 130. 383-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.01.003
  30. Munteanu, I. G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 22, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
  31. Murthuza, S., & Manjunatha, B. K. (2018). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory potency of Mesua ferrea, Saraca asoca, Viscum album & Anthocephalus cadamba in murine macrophages raw 264.7 cell lines and Wistar albino rats. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 719–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.10.001
  32. Nasution, N. A., Nurilmala, M., & Abdullah, A. (2019). Seahorse Hydrolisate (Hippocampus kuda) and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test with Protein Denaturation Inhibition Method. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada, 21(1), 47–51.
  33. Nica-Badea, D., & Udristioiu, A. (2014). The Relevance of Supplemental Vitamin D in Malignancies. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry- Anti-Cancer Agents), 21(15), 1942–1949. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520621666210112115846
  34. Nurfatwa, M. (2018). Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Buah Okra (Abelmoschus esculatus L.Moench) Terhadap Parameter Kadar Sgot Dan Sgpt Serta Histopatologi Hepar Tikus Galur Wistar. Journal of Pharmacopolium, 1(2), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.36465/jop.v1i2.330
  35. Osman, N. I., Sidik, N. J., Awal, A., Adam, N. A. M., & Rezali, N. I. (2016). In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 5(4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160731025522
  36. Priya, E. S., Selvan, P. S., & Ajay, B. (2018). Tannin rich fraction from Terminalia chebula fruits as Anti-inflammatory agent. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 24(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2017.1399953
  37. Rigel, D. S., Taylor, S. C., Lim, H. W., Alexis, A. F., Armstrong, A. W., Chiesa Fuxench, Z. C., Draelos, Z. D., & Hamzavi, I. H. (2022). Photoprotection for skin of all color: Consensus and clinical guidance from an expert panel. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 86(3, Supplement), S1–S8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.019
  38. Salminen, A. (2022). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reveals evidence of antagonistic pleiotropy in the regulation of the aging process. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 79(9), 489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04520-x
  39. Selvaraj, K., Chowdhury, R., & Bhattacharjee, C. (2014). Optimization of the solvent extraction of bioactive polyphenolic compounds from aquatic fern Azolla microphylla using response surface methodology. International Food Research Journal, 21(4).
  40. Tandi, J., Melinda, B., Purwantari, A., & Widodo, A. (2020). Analisis Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Buah Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Kovalen: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2020.v6.i1.15044
  41. Wołosiak, R., Drużyńska, B., Derewiaka, D., Piecyk, M., Majewska, E., Ciecierska, M., Worobiej, E., & Pakosz, P. (2021). Verification of the conditions for determination of antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH assays—A practical approach. Molecules, 27(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010050